ImpCEvalFunEvaluation Function for Imp

We saw in the Imp chapter how a naive approach to defining a function representing evaluation for Imp runs into difficulties. There, we adopted the solution of changing from a functional to a relational definition of evaluation. In this optional chapter, we consider strategies for getting the functional approach to work.

A Broken Evaluator


(* IMPORTS *)
Require Import Coq.omega.Omega.
Require Import Coq.Arith.Arith.
Require Import Imp.
Require Import Maps.
(* /IMPORTS *)
Here was our first try at an evaluation function for commands, omitting WHILE.

Fixpoint ceval_step1 (st : state) (c : com) : state :=
  match c with
    | SKIP
        st
    | l ::= a1
        t_update st l (aeval st a1)
    | c1 ;; c2
        let st' := ceval_step1 st c1 in
        ceval_step1 st' c2
    | IFB b THEN c1 ELSE c2 FI
        if (beval st b)
          then ceval_step1 st c1
          else ceval_step1 st c2
    | WHILE b1 DO c1 END
        st (* bogus *)
  end.
As we remarked in chapter Imp, in a traditional functional programming language like ML or Haskell we could write the WHILE case as follows:
    | WHILE b1 DO c1 END => if (beval st b1) then ceval_step1 st (c1;;
        WHILE b1 DO c1 END) else st
Coq doesn't accept such a definition (Error: Cannot guess decreasing argument of fix) because the function we want to define is not guaranteed to terminate. Indeed, the changed ceval_step1 function applied to the loop program from Imp.v would never terminate. Since Coq is not just a functional programming language, but also a consistent logic, any potentially non-terminating function needs to be rejected. Here is an invalid(!) Coq program showing what would go wrong if Coq allowed non-terminating recursive functions:
     Fixpoint loop_false (n : nat) : False := loop_false n.
That is, propositions like False would become provable (e.g., loop_false 0 would be a proof of False), which would be a disaster for Coq's logical consistency.
Thus, because it doesn't terminate on all inputs, the full version of ceval_step1 cannot be written in Coq — at least not without one additional trick...

A Step-Indexed Evaluator

The trick we need is to pass an additional parameter to the evaluation function that tells it how long to run. Informally, we start the evaluator with a certain amount of "gas" in its tank, and we allow it to run until either it terminates in the usual way or it runs out of gas, at which point we simply stop evaluating and say that the final result is the empty memory. (We could also say that the result is the current state at the point where the evaluator runs out fo gas — it doesn't really matter because the result is going to be wrong in either case!)

Fixpoint ceval_step2 (st : state) (c : com) (i : nat) : state :=
  match i with
  | Oempty_state
  | S i'
    match c with
      | SKIP
          st
      | l ::= a1
          t_update st l (aeval st a1)
      | c1 ;; c2
          let st' := ceval_step2 st c1 i' in
          ceval_step2 st' c2 i'
      | IFB b THEN c1 ELSE c2 FI
          if (beval st b)
            then ceval_step2 st c1 i'
            else ceval_step2 st c2 i'
      | WHILE b1 DO c1 END
          if (beval st b1)
          then let st' := ceval_step2 st c1 i' in
               ceval_step2 st' c i'
          else st
    end
  end.
Note: It is tempting to think that the index i here is counting the "number of steps of evaluation." But if you look closely you'll see that this is not the case: for example, in the rule for sequencing, the same i is passed to both recursive calls. Understanding the exact way that i is treated will be important in the proof of ceval__ceval_step, which is given as an exercise below.
One thing that is not so nice about this evaluator is that we can't tell, from its result, whether it stopped because the program terminated normally or because it ran out of gas. Our next version returns an option state instead of just a state, so that we can distinguish between normal and abnormal termination.

Fixpoint ceval_step3 (st : state) (c : com) (i : nat)
                    : option state :=
  match i with
  | ONone
  | S i'
    match c with
      | SKIP
          Some st
      | l ::= a1
          Some (t_update st l (aeval st a1))
      | c1 ;; c2
          match (ceval_step3 st c1 i') with
          | Some st'ceval_step3 st' c2 i'
          | NoneNone
          end
      | IFB b THEN c1 ELSE c2 FI
          if (beval st b)
            then ceval_step3 st c1 i'
            else ceval_step3 st c2 i'
      | WHILE b1 DO c1 END
          if (beval st b1)
          then match (ceval_step3 st c1 i') with
               | Some st'ceval_step3 st' c i'
               | NoneNone
               end
          else Some st
    end
  end.
We can improve the readability of this version by introducing a bit of auxiliary notation to hide the plumbing involved in repeatedly matching against optional states.

Notation "'LETOPT' x <== e1 'IN' e2"
   := (match e1 with
         | Some xe2
         | NoneNone
       end)
   (right associativity, at level 60).

Fixpoint ceval_step (st : state) (c : com) (i : nat)
                    : option state :=
  match i with
  | ONone
  | S i'
    match c with
      | SKIP
          Some st
      | l ::= a1
          Some (t_update st l (aeval st a1))
      | c1 ;; c2
          LETOPT st' <== ceval_step st c1 i' IN
          ceval_step st' c2 i'
      | IFB b THEN c1 ELSE c2 FI
          if (beval st b)
            then ceval_step st c1 i'
            else ceval_step st c2 i'
      | WHILE b1 DO c1 END
          if (beval st b1)
          then LETOPT st' <== ceval_step st c1 i' IN
               ceval_step st' c i'
          else Some st
    end
  end.

Definition test_ceval (st:state) (c:com) :=
  match ceval_step st c 500 with
  | NoneNone
  | Some stSome (st X, st Y, st Z)
  end.

(* Compute
     (test_ceval empty_state
         (X ::= ANum 2;;
          IFB BLe (AId X) (ANum 1)
            THEN Y ::= ANum 3
            ELSE Z ::= ANum 4
          FI)).
   ====>
      Some (2, 0, 4)   *)

Exercise: 2 stars, recommended (pup_to_n)

Write an Imp program that sums the numbers from 1 to X (inclusive: 1 + 2 + ... + X) in the variable Y. Make sure your solution satisfies the test that follows.

Definition pup_to_n : com
  (* REPLACE THIS LINE WITH ":= _your_definition_ ." *). Admitted.

(* 
Example pup_to_n_1 :
  test_ceval (t_update empty_state X 5) pup_to_n
  = Some (0, 15, 0).
Proof. reflexivity. Qed.
*)

Exercise: 2 stars, optional (peven)

Write a While program that sets Z to 0 if X is even and sets Z to 1 otherwise. Use ceval_test to test your program.

(* FILL IN HERE *)

Relational vs. Step-Indexed Evaluation

As for arithmetic and boolean expressions, we'd hope that the two alternative definitions of evaluation would actually amount to the same thing in the end. This section shows that this is the case.

Theorem ceval_step__ceval: ∀ c st st',
      (∃ i, ceval_step st c i = Some st') →
      c / st \\ st'.
Proof.
  intros c st st' H.
  inversion H as [i E].
  clear H.
  generalize dependent st'.
  generalize dependent st.
  generalize dependent c.
  induction i as [| i' ].

  - (* i = 0 -- contradictory *)
    intros c st st' H. inversion H.

  - (* i = S i' *)
    intros c st st' H.
    destruct c;
           simpl in H; inversion H; subst; clear H.
      + (* SKIP *) apply E_Skip.
      + (* ::= *) apply E_Ass. reflexivity.

      + (* ;; *)
        destruct (ceval_step st c1 i') eqn:Heqr1.
        * (* Evaluation of r1 terminates normally *)
          apply E_Seq with s.
            apply IHi'. rewrite Heqr1. reflexivity.
            apply IHi'. simpl in H1. assumption.
        * (* Otherwise -- contradiction *)
          inversion H1.

      + (* IFB *)
        destruct (beval st b) eqn:Heqr.
        * (* r = true *)
          apply E_IfTrue. rewrite Heqr. reflexivity.
          apply IHi'. assumption.
        * (* r = false *)
          apply E_IfFalse. rewrite Heqr. reflexivity.
          apply IHi'. assumption.

      + (* WHILE *) destruct (beval st b) eqn :Heqr.
        * (* r = true *)
         destruct (ceval_step st c i') eqn:Heqr1.
         { (* r1 = Some s *)
           apply E_WhileTrue with s. rewrite Heqr.
           reflexivity.
           apply IHi'. rewrite Heqr1. reflexivity.
           apply IHi'. simpl in H1. assumption. }
         { (* r1 = None *) inversion H1. }
        * (* r = false *)
          inversion H1.
          apply E_WhileFalse.
          rewrite <- Heqr. subst. reflexivity. Qed.

Exercise: 4 stars (ceval_step__ceval_inf)

Write an informal proof of ceval_step__ceval, following the usual template. (The template for case analysis on an inductively defined value should look the same as for induction, except that there is no induction hypothesis.) Make your proof communicate the main ideas to a human reader; do not simply transcribe the steps of the formal proof.
(* FILL IN HERE *)

Theorem ceval_step_more: ∀ i1 i2 st st' c,
  i1i2
  ceval_step st c i1 = Some st'
  ceval_step st c i2 = Some st'.
Proof.
induction i1 as [|i1']; intros i2 st st' c Hle Hceval.
  - (* i1 = 0 *)
    simpl in Hceval. inversion Hceval.
  - (* i1 = S i1' *)
    destruct i2 as [|i2']. inversion Hle.
    assert (Hle': i1'i2') by omega.
    destruct c.
    + (* SKIP *)
      simpl in Hceval. inversion Hceval.
      reflexivity.
    + (* ::= *)
      simpl in Hceval. inversion Hceval.
      reflexivity.
    + (* ;; *)
      simpl in Hceval. simpl.
      destruct (ceval_step st c1 i1') eqn:Heqst1'o.
      * (* st1'o = Some *)
        apply (IHi1' i2') in Heqst1'o; try assumption.
        rewrite Heqst1'o. simpl. simpl in Hceval.
        apply (IHi1' i2') in Hceval; try assumption.
      * (* st1'o = None *)
        inversion Hceval.

    + (* IFB *)
      simpl in Hceval. simpl.
      destruct (beval st b); apply (IHi1' i2') in Hceval;
        assumption.

    + (* WHILE *)
      simpl in Hceval. simpl.
      destruct (beval st b); try assumption.
      destruct (ceval_step st c i1') eqn: Heqst1'o.
      * (* st1'o = Some *)
        apply (IHi1' i2') in Heqst1'o; try assumption.
        rewriteHeqst1'o. simpl. simpl in Hceval.
        apply (IHi1' i2') in Hceval; try assumption.
      * (* i1'o = None *)
        simpl in Hceval. inversion Hceval. Qed.

Exercise: 3 stars, recommended (ceval__ceval_step)

Finish the following proof. You'll need ceval_step_more in a few places, as well as some basic facts about and plus.

Theorem ceval__ceval_step: ∀ c st st',
      c / st \\ st'
      ∃ i, ceval_step st c i = Some st'.
Proof.
  intros c st st' Hce.
  induction Hce.
  (* FILL IN HERE *) Admitted.

Theorem ceval_and_ceval_step_coincide: ∀ c st st',
      c / st \\ st'
  ↔ ∃ i, ceval_step st c i = Some st'.
Proof.
  intros c st st'.
  split. apply ceval__ceval_step. apply ceval_step__ceval.
Qed.

Determinism of Evaluation Again

Using the fact that the relational and step-indexed definition of evaluation are the same, we can give a slicker proof that the evaluation relation is deterministic.

Theorem ceval_deterministic' : ∀ c st st1 st2,
     c / st \\ st1
     c / st \\ st2
     st1 = st2.
Proof.
  intros c st st1 st2 He1 He2.
  apply ceval__ceval_step in He1.
  apply ceval__ceval_step in He2.
  inversion He1 as [i1 E1].
  inversion He2 as [i2 E2].
  apply ceval_step_more with (i2 := i1 + i2) in E1.
  apply ceval_step_more with (i2 := i1 + i2) in E2.
  rewrite E1 in E2. inversion E2. reflexivity.
  omega. omega. Qed.